Many animal populations that are managed in zoological institutions are currently not sustainable nor on a trajectory to sustainability. Sustainable populations, as assessed by regional or global studbooks and population management systems, start with sustainable, thriving populations at individual institutions. Such populations are ultimately the measure of successful zoo breeding programs and require the careful management of captive animals to maintain genetic diversity, a healthy age and sex structure, avoid inbreeding and minimise adaptation to captivity.
Knowledge on the basic reproductive parameters of many wild mammals remains scarce and appropriate management practices are still being developed for many species. This presentation discusses the challenges associated with the reproductive management of four species of captive social carnivores: the African Lion (Panthera leo), the Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) and the African Painted dog (Lycaon pictus), all currently held in the collection of Monarto Safari Park, South Australia. Each species brings their own unique anatomical and physiological adaptations. Particular management strategies for each species will be discussed within each of the four reproductive components of: Breeding, Oestrus, Pregnancy and Birthing.
Breeding management encompasses the basic components for breeding success including the introduction of males and females, compatibility for mating, fertility of both male and female, ability to achieve full gestation and provide appropriate parental care. Reproductive success also requires healthy individuals that display species typical behaviours and this is largely dependent on appropriate husbandry and facilities. Within the breeding management plan it is important to note the role of the stud book keepers who are integral to maintaining genetic diversity plus the use of Contraception as a management tool that can be utilised to control unwanted breeding in captive wildlife.
The goal of oestrus detection is to accurately determine when an animal is actively cycling, thus predicting the timing of ovulation to maximise breeding success. There are various ways in which to detect oestrus including recognising behavioural cues, collection of serum or faeces for hormonal analysis and vaginal swabs for detecting cytological changes. Oestrus detection also links into assisted reproductive technologies, which are increasingly becoming an important factor in reproductive management of captive animals.
Pregnancy monitoring and management can be done remotely using husbandry techniques such as recording regular weights, evaluating hormonal trends (faecal or serum) and as the pregnancy develops, the use of diagnostic imaging techniques to assess the status of the pregnancy to aid with birthing management.
Birthing and neonatal management requires appropriate species specific facilities that allow for natural birthing and the ability to closely monitor parturition (ideally remotely) in case veterinary intervention is required. Encouraging ongoing parental care via housing in secure and familiar denning sites away from perceived threats is also important. Nutritional support is paramount in both pregnant and lactating animals and needs to be carefully managed to ensure needs of the mother and developing young are met. Management of neonates through cross fostering or hand raising may also be required when raising captive carnivores.